CHINA’S HUMAN RIGHTS AND U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC RELATIONS: INTEREST GROUP LOBBYING AND CHINA’S MFN TRADE STATUS

Steven Campbell

Foreign influence on U.S. foreign policy via transnational lobbying has generated much controversy in recent years.  In light of the controversy, this article builds upon prior research by examining two indirect lobbying strategies—grass-roots mobilization vs. coalition-building—to determine which is more effective, and what factors contribute to the effectiveness of each strategy.  The 1993/1994 debate in the U.S. on whether to extend China’s most-favored-nation (MFN) trade status—based on progress in its human rights record—permits a parallel analysis of these two lobbying efforts.  Through analyses of primary and secondary sources, including U.S. government documents and interviews with officials, the article contends that the coalition-building strategy (often used by business-oriented groups) has fundamental advantages and tends to prevail over the grass-roots mobilization strategy (often utilized by non-business interests).  

Lobbying, Interest Groups, China, Human Rights, MFN Status, United States

WORSHIP HOUSE BASED POVERTY REDUCTION AND COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT

(Lempermadu Movement Implementation Analysis in Central Lombok Regency)

Lalu Muhammad Danial

Worship house based Integrated Community Empowerment Movement institute (Lempermadu), formalized through the decree No. 21 of 2011 on the Integrated Community Development Movement and followed up with the Central Lombok Regent Decree No. 476 of 2011, December 12, 2011 regarding the Integrated Empowerment institute board determination that initiated and implemented. Lempermadu movement is intended to coordinate and synergize the various programs / activities rural poverty reduction entered either from the government, private, and community for the right target, fair and equitable. The involvement of village government and its staff, community organizations, religious institutions boards and all the bureaucracy both civil and military as a poverty reduction movement’s guidance in Central Lombok, has a long history and cultural dimensions, structural or natural. The reduction was performed with a variety of dimensions, such as the political dimension, social, cultural, economic, spatial and sustainable development.
This study seeks to analyze the implementation of Lempermadu movement in alleviating poverty. The approaches used are: descriptive; historical and normative. Examines the phenomenon of poverty reduction through worship house based empowerment movement as an effort in sharpen the aims or the target of poverty reduction activities.

LICENSING AS A MEANS OF SPACE REGULATION CONTROL ON SPACE UTILIZATION PERSPECTIVE IN THE REGION

Bayi Priyono

Space is a place that includes land, sea and air, including space in the earth as a whole region, where humans and other living creatures, operate, and maintain its survival. Environmental based Space utilization and wisely controlled of resources utilization is the ultimate goal of environmental management. This means that the development applied natural resources preservation principles without damaging the environment system that caused by the development is an urgent issue in Indonesia..
Research specifications in this study were conducted by normative juridical approaching method, to test and review of secondary data. Regarding to the used of normative juridical approach, then the research conducted through two stages which are literature study and field research that merely support, data analysis used is the juridical analysis qualitative, it is the data obtained, then arranged in a systematic, comprehensive and integrated to achieve clarity issues to be discussed.
Licensing (vergunning) is a form of execution of the functions and as a controlling setting (sturen) owned by the government to the activities undertaken by the community. In carrying out its functions law requires a variety of devices in order for the law to have a good performance. Space utilization control is through the space used licensing. Government efforts to improve public services in economic growth within the framework of regional autonomy pursued through the professionalism of public service, including the arrangement in the licensing field.

“TRI HITA KARANA” CONCEPT
(LOCAL WISDOM AS AN ALTERNATIVE IN ENVIRONMENT BASED DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS “GREEN GOVERNMENT”)

I Gusti Ngurah Suwetha

Almost every year Indonesia has always been hit by disaster. Is it caused by natural disasters, or disasters caused by human activity as the inhabitants of the universe, if it floods, landslides, fires, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and so on always appear, alternately as if God Almighty give relentless test for us.
                      Nowadays Green Government has become a trend for all countries, especially as the industrial countries, and has many glasshouse that is demanded to overcome the environmental impact and pollution that occurred in the region. If the developed countries do not have the determination to balance it all conditions, undoubtedly pollution, contamination and environmental damage can not be overcome.
                      Conformity, congeniality, harmony between human relationships with the environment, human relationships with fellow human beings and human relationship with the Creator would greatly needed in environmental based development, heading to green governance, a governance that concerned the importance of environmental sustainability.
                     Consciously or not generally man are undisciplined, not obey the rules and careless of nature, which in its implementation always breaking commitments and the existing rules, such as deviating from the Detailed Spatial Plan (RDTR) that occurs everywhere, or lack of balance and harmonization on the use of nature that bestowed by the Creator. And if human beings are convinced and conscious of his power, let us begin to do so in the utilization of this nature we begin to discipline, obey the rules in order to achieve harmonization in the harness nature's gift. The concept of "Tri Hita Karana" which is a local wisdom (Bali / read Hindu) may can used as a foothold to maintain Conformity, congeniality and harmony of our nature.

The concept of "Tri Hita Karana", is three harmonious relationship between man and man, man and nature and harmonious relationship between man and God Almighty. Creator to maintain harmony in the environmental based development.

INEQUALITY OF EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY: TURKEY CASE

Ömer Faruk İÇÖZ

Education is one of the most important ways for distributing economic welfare and opportunities to the whole society. Therefore, improvements in the quality and quantity of education and to decrease inequality of educational opportunity have been one of the fundamental concerns. The purpose of this study is to analyze the sources of inequality of educational opportunity in general as well as making suggestions for Turkey in particular. Income inequality, economic fluctuations, economic growth, selection process, culture of a society and expansion of education are the sources of inequality of educational opportunity. Within the scope of those sources of inequality of educational opportunity it can be suggested that inequality of educational opportunity would decrease by providing equal sources of support for schools. Moreover, improving the quality and quantity of schools in terms of teachers, the physical properties of schools, and educational materials such as computers, books and laboratories, and giving additional teaching hours to students from disadvantaged groups would contribute to the equality of educational opportunity. Besides, democracy and freedom should be improved which will lead an increase in the awareness of the society toward equality of educational opportunity, and the demand of the society will trigger the governmental and nongovernmental agencies for improving equality of educational opportunity.

Njore Samuel Njoroge

The study aimed at establishing the factors that influence the substance use and abuse among offenders under probation supervision in Limuru Probation Center in Kenya. The research adopted a descriptive design to study a sample of 66 male and 18 female offenders that was selected through stratified random sampling. Primary data was obtained through a semi-structured questionnaire comprising closed and open ended questions and quantitative results analysed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS). Conflict in the respondent’s homes, substance use by respondents’ parents’ and respondent’s employment status were found not to be directly related with either alcohol or drug use. There existed a relationship between substance use by the respondents’ siblings in regard to alcohol use but not drug use by respondents. Longer probation sentence duration was found not to have the anticipated protective effect against both respondents’ alcohol and drug use. The study recommends substance abuse counseling and rehabilitation to address substance use and reduce recidivism. Such intervention should aim at overcoming external influence from friends and siblings, moulding character formation and inculcating moral values that exalt self control.  

Substance Abuse, Socio-cultural factors, Socio-psychological factors, Economic factors, Kenya.

BASEL CONVENTION AND SOME GUIDANCE FOR MYANMAR

Sharmina Haque, Sariful Islam, Tabassum Zarin

By addressing the importance of Basel convention, this paper tries to take attention of the government of Myanmar regarding this particular issue. Then, considering the history, geography, economy, environmental condition and existing laws, Technical and financial capacity of this country this paper suggests Myanmar to be a party of Basel convention for becoming a sustainable developed country. The mechanisms to assist Myanmar's implementation of the Convention are also examined here .At the end, inadequacies of the convention with some suggestions to strengthen it are also addressed.

Redynamising the recreational urban forest landscape in Belgian                                              coast_Case Area: Bredene

Tabassum zarin , Sariful islam sajib, Sharmina haque

The Belgian coast is the border of Southern North sea coast which has the total length of about 65 Km and has the character with low lying plain which is protected with dikes and dunes. It has been seen that Belgian coast is the area which has least forestation and this matter makes the Government alert to start creating urban forest in the urban area of Belgian coast.
Belgian coast is famous for its tourist activity specially after 1950.Every year millions of people come in Belgian coast to enjoy the beach along with the natural beauty. Here in this paper the area Bredene which is characterized with dense populated area but has lot of potentiality in tourism has been chosen among all the cities from the coast, this is the city of Belgian coast, which is with least forestation and poor urban texture. That is why the city including the coast demands for the re-dynamization in the sector of the  recreational urban forest as this coastal city has demand in tourist activities. Here the objective of this paper is to analyze the recreational urban forest including its benefits and its implementation in the case area Bredene.

Urban forest       Belgian coast         Bredene     recreation

LEGAL STUDY OF INSTRUMENT OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON FRAME WORK CLIMATE CHANGE / UNFCCC 1992 / CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE (PERSPECTIVE OF GLOBAL WARMING) REGULATION OF OF NATIONAL LEGISLATION

Dr. Erni Agustina

Joining networks to shape leadership practices in secondary schools in mauritius

Nathalie Congo-Poottaren,

This article examines the reasons why school leaders have decided to join a network. The author begins by examining today’s context and the demands that it is putting on school leaders. Then four different theories related to networking are provided. In order to answer the research question, data has been collected by means of an interview with secondary school leaders (n=6) who are in a network. Various reasons are provided but it can be said that they are not related to only one theory, but cut across all four theories. This article claims that school leaders have adopted a new mind set and see the network as an important strategy which will help them face the challenges which exist in their contexts. Finally, the author claims that more benefits could be derived if school leaders were to explore further avenues for collaboration within the network.